This chapter lays the foundation for understanding how countries grow and progress.
In this blog, you'll get easy-to-understand notes, key terms, development indicators, and NCERT highlights.Key definitions
Development: Development is generally defined as
growth. Some of the important goals are - seeking more income, equal treatment,
freedom, security, and respect from others.
ü
Different
people have different development goals.
What may be development for one May not be for the other, it may be destructive
for the other.
ü
To get more
electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land
and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced – such as tribals.
Infant Mortality Rate: IMR indicates the number of children
that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born
in that particular year.
Literacy rate:
it is the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group.
Net attendance Ratio: Percentage of children in a specific
age group attending school.
Life Expectancy: Expected length of life at the time
of birth.
Sustainable development: The present generation needs or
developmental goals does not compromise with the needs of future.
National Development
ü Process of improving a country's
standard of living for its citizens. This involves economic, social and
cultural progress.
ü Implementing policies that could
benefit a large number of people.
ü Increasing people's income and
generating employment opportunities.
ü Prioritising national interests above
self interests.
Average Income and It's Limitations as a Development Criterion(Important
for exam)
Per capita income: It is defined as the total income of
the country divided by its total population. It is also known as average
income.
v Why we need income to compare
countries?
Total income
is not such an useful measure. Since, countries have different populations,
comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to
earn.
For
comparing countries, their Income is considered to be one of the most important
attributes. But it is not a reliable indicator to measure a country's
development due to following reasons:
ü It does not shows the distribution of
income at different levels.
ü It only shows the economic aspects of
a country's development.
ü Average income does not tell us about
the health, education and various aspects of the population.
Example: The
case of Haryana and Kerala
ü Haryana:
Higher per capita income but IMR is higher than Kerala.
ü Kerala: Better
health and education indicators but less per capita income than Haryana.
For
comparing countries, their Income is considered to be one of the most important
attributes. National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve
the lives of its citizens. Measures of improvement may be material, such as
availability of healthcare etc.
World Development Report - World Bank
ü World Development Reports is brought
out by the World Bank every year.
ü Average income criterion is used in
classifying countries
ü Countries with per capita income of
US$ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are called high income or rich
countries
ü Countries with per capita income of
US$ 2500 or less are called low-income countries.
ü India comes in the category of low
middle income countries because its per capita income in 2019 was just US$ 6700
per annum.
ü The rich countries, excluding
countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally
called developed countries.
Human Development Report - UNDP
Human Development Report is published
by UNDP every year.
It compares and rank the countries on
the basis of following criteria
ü Living standard (Per capita Income)
ü Health Status (life Expectancy)
ü Educational levels of the people
(Literacy rate and Enrolment ratio)
The below table is important and
students should remember the ranks of the country (India, Sri Lanka and
Bangladesh)
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BMI
BMI is an
abbreviation used for Body Mass Index which is an International standard
measurement used to determine whether a person is nourished or undernourished.
The formula of BMI is given by:
BMI = Weight (in kg) / [Height (in m)]²
BMI can be calculated
by taping the weight of a person (kgs) & height (m) then divide the weight
by the square of the height of a person. If the result is less than 18.5 then
person in under nourished & if more than 25, then person is overweight.
Sustainability of Development
Groundwater Overuse
ü 300 districts report water level
decline over 4 meters in 20 years.
ü Nearly one-third of country overusing
groundwater reserves.
ü Projected: 60% overuse in another 25
years.
Non-Renewable Resource Depletion
ü Crude Oil Reserves Analysis.
ü Global reserves expected to last only
50 years.
ü Different countries face varying
resource challenges.
Key Environmental Sustainability Issues
ü Resource conservation.
ü Ecological balance.